Sunday, May 31, 2020

The Tort Law Effect On Victims Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

The word tort is derived from the latin word tortus, meaning a wrong. Tort law is the law concerned with allowing the victims of harmful actions, whether caused deliberately or by negligence to claim compensation. In order to advise Shane who, if any one, he can sue for compensation for his injuries. It is important to discuss what roles the other parties played in the accident. Warne is an employer of an independent contractor (Hingis Ltd) who are a firm specialising in tree management. When an individual causes injury directly to another they will be liable for the tort committed. But when a person is liable for a tort committed by another it is called vicarious liability. For example if an employers, employee commits an act while at work then the employer can be held vicarious liable. Generally an employer or client in this case is not held vicariously liable for tort committed by independent contractors. The claimant normally will have to sue the contractor. However there are exceptions to the rule if the circumstances are an extra-hazardous activity. For example in Honeywill and Stein v Larkin Bros Ltd (1933) Honeywill engaged Larkin to take photographs of the interior of a cinema. Larkin used a flashlight which involved the ignition of magnesium powder. The came ra was placed too close to a curtain on the stage and the entire theatre caught fire. The Court of Appeal held that the taking of photographs in this way was an extra-hazardous activity for which Honeywill could not delegate responsibility to the photographer, and thus remained liable to the owners of the cinema for the damage caused. In Salsbury v Woodland (1969) a case which is very similar to our case. The owner of a house employed a tree-felling contractor to remove a large tree in his front garden. The contactor removed the tree in a negligent manner which broke a pair of telephone wires running across the garden which left the wires in the road causing an obstruction. Salsbury went into the road to remove the wires when a car approached at speed. Salsbury, realising that a collision was inevitable, threw himself onto the grass verge but his fall caused a tumour in his spine to bleed which brought about paralysis. Salsbury sued the house owner, the tree contractor and the ca r driver. The Court of Appeal held that the general rule should apply; namely that the householder should not be liable for the negligence of the tree contractor who was an independent contractor. The removal of the tree was not work of an inherently dangerous nature and could not be treated as an exception to the rule within Honeywill doctrine. From this case it concludes that Warne should not be liable because it was not foreseeable the contractor would mismanage the work and he acted reasonably by employing a specialist tree contactor. Hingis Ltd Hingis are a specialist tree contactor who have mismanaged the work and broke the telephone wires leaving them trailing across the road. A firm specialising in tree management should know the risks of branches hitting telephone wires that are close by. The tort of negligence can be summarised as: the defendant must owe duty of care to the claimant the duty must have been breached the breach must be the cause of the claimants damage or loss Hingis had a duty of care to other people around them which is called the neighbour principle and was established in the Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) case. Lord Atkin said that you have a duty of care owed to your neighbour in law. Lord Atkins response to the question Who is my neighbour? from the lawyer is You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be-persons who are so closely and dire ctly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question From this case it was established that if a duty of care does not already exist, a reasonable man will owe a duty of care not to injure those whom it can be reasonably foreseen would be affected by their actions. When Hingis cut down the tree which brought down the telephone wires they breached this duty of care; as a professional this should not have happened. In Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee (1957) a doctors professional judgement was made that another substantial body of other doctors would not have made and from this the House of Lords laid down standards that are expected of professional people. Could Hingis have reasonably foreseen that the tree would bring down the telephone lines? I think that as professionals they should have foreseen this. In The Wagon Mound case the op inion of the Privy Council was that a person is responsible only for consequences that could reasonably have been anticipated. Martina/Shane Martina was driving her car around the corner at speed when she hit Shane. Section 1 (1) of the Contributory Negligence Act 1945 says Where any person suffers damage as the result partly of his own fault and partly of the fault of any other person or persons, a claim in respect of that damage shall not be defeated by reason of the fault of the person suffering the damage, but the damages recoverable in respect thereof shall be reduced to such extent as the court thinks just and equitable having regard to the claimants share in the responsibility for the damage The fact that Shane would not have been in the road if Hingis Ltd did not make the telephone cables trail dangerously in the road. I feel that it is a little unfair to blame Martina completely for hitting Shane. In Gregory v Kelly (1979) the claimant was held to be contributory negligent when travelling in a car when he knew that the footbrake did not work. In this case it is clear that the claimant was contributory negligent but in our case it is not clear cut. On the other hand Martina owes a duty of care to other road users and pedestrians, and therefore could be liable regarding any lack of duty of care. As she was perhaps driving too fast and the incident was around a corner where she obviously could not see clearly around. Shane as the reasonable man faced with an emergency of a potential traffic accident, took an instinctive decision to lift the wires to the side of the road. Shane could be referenced to a rescue case in law called Cutler v United Dairies (London) (1933) in which the claimant was injured trying to help the driver of a milk float whose runaway horse had come to rest safely in a field. The court held that the danger was over by the time the claimant carried out his heroics. The horse as I see it is the equivalent of the wires on the road in our case. Volenti non fit injuria is a rule that means a person cannot usually sue for damages when he consented in the fi rst place to whatever it was that caused the damages. If someone willingly placed themselves in a position where they may be harmed, they cannot then sue if harm does in fact happen. It could be argued that Shane as someone with a pre-existing back condition go into the middle of the road to remove the wires? The volenti only applies to the risk which a reasonable person would consider them as having assumed by their actions. Rescuers are unlikely to be held volenti if they sue the person who originally created the danger. In Harrison v British Railways Board (1981) the court said that an injured rescuer could sue the person who created the danger. The rescuer was found to be contributory negligent for not following established work procedures. Conclusion My view is that Hingis is certainly negligent for the mismanaged work, but they could not have foreseen that a member of the public would run out into the road to remove the wires. Martina is negligent for not driving with due care and attention to other road users, as she should not have been driving to a speed which would not allow her time to stop if something or someone was in the way. For example it could have been a child which had run out in the road and she needed to stop quickly. Although Shane acted completely recklessly by removing the wires when a reasonable man may have just stopped the traffic and called for assistance. He could sue both Hingis and Martina which would lead to multiple tort feasers. If he was to sue only Hingis he would leave Hingis the choice to sue Martina for contributory negligence. QUESTION 2 Victor The building operations that disturb Victor in the early mornings and during the afternoon, when he is trying to give piano lessons are due to Montgomery construction Ltd carrying out renovation work on Davids house. This falls into a category of nuisance in the law of tort. This is the unlawful interference directly or in directly with a persons land. The interference must be within circumstances that a reasonable person cannot be expected to tolerate which is a very difficult and complex decision by the courts to reach. Nuisance has four different categories: Trespass Private nuisance Public nuisance Statutory nuisance Victors case is one of private nuisance as it is a neighbours property as outlined in the case of Spicer v Smee (1946) when the judge said Private nuisance arises out of a state of things on one mans land whereby his neighbours property is exposed to danger. A balance must be maintained between the right of the occupier to do what he likes with his own home, and the right of his neighbour not to be interfered with. In Christie v Davey (1893) Christie and Davey were neighbours. Christie was a music teacher that gave lessons and sometimes held musical parties. Davey objected to this, and retaliated by blowing whistles, banging on metal trays, shouting, and generally making a noise to disturb the music. An injunction was granted to Christie as Daveys conduct was purely malicious and was therefore unreasonable. In Andreae v Selfridge Co Ltd (1937) Selfridges failed to keep the noise and dust of building work to a minimum are were found negligent as they had conducted its operations in such a way noise and dust had interfered with the reasonable and comfortable occupation of Andreae on her premises. The contractor must take proper precautions, and see that the nuisance is reduced to a minimum as Andreae had suffered damages. If Victor can prove that his students are not having lessons with him due to the noise than m aybe he could have a case where he could claim damages to his business due to the building work noise as in the Andreae v Selfridge Co Ltd case. I think Victor is over sensitive because he would have a tuned ear to noise as a piano teacher. The majority of people would not be adversely affected by construction work to a neighbours property although they may be inconvenienced. The piano lessons in question are similar to the case McKinnon Industries v Walker (1951) where fumes from the defendants factory damaged delicate orchids. As the fumes would have damaged flowers of ordinary sensitivity there was a nuisance. The court ruled in favor of the plaintiff because his right to enjoy his land had been damaged and therefore could also claim protection for his more unusual and sensitive activities. The standard of tolerance is that of the normal neighbour but a plaintiff has a case in nuisance for damage even if he is abnormally sensitive. I conclude that the best Victor is likely to achieve in court is a restriction on the early morning working hours on the site. David and Montgomery Construction are not liable for the noise as a private nuisance. The work is temporary and the complainant is sensitive. Victor as a piano teacher seems to be over sensitive to noise and the noise is just a short term issue. Christine This falls under occupiers liability acts (OLA) 1957 and 1984 an occupier of premises owes a common duty of care to all lawful visitors. The definition of an occupier was discussed and clarified in Wheat v E Lacon (1966) when Lord Denning defined the occupier as a person who has sufficient control over the premises to the extent that he ought to realise that lack of care on his part can cause damage to lawful visitors. He said: Wherever a person has a sufficient degree of control over premises that he ought to realise that any failure on his part to use care may result in injury to a person coming lawfully there, then he is an Occupier and the person coming lawfully is his Visitor and the Occupier is under a duty to his Visitor to use reasonable care. In AMF International Ltd v Magnet Bowling Ltd (1968) the contractor was to provide and install valuable timber and other specialised bowling alley equipment. On July 21, 1964 an exceptionally heavy rainstorm flooded the build ing and the timber for the building work was seriously damaged. The court held that the contractor and the building owner were both occupiers of the building. In the OLA 1957 an occupier must be prepared for children to be less careful than adults (s2(3)(a)). Therefore, if an occupier admits children to the premises the child visitor must be reasonably safe as in Phipps v Rochester Corp (1955) the Defendant was not liable to a boy who fell into a trench while walking across open ground with his sister. This was not a breach of duty as reasonable parents will not permit young children to be sent into danger without protection. The OLA 1984 covers uninvited visitors or trespassers in (s.1(4)) it states that an occupier of premises owes a duty to another in of such a risk, the duty is to take such care as is reasonable in all the circumstances of the case to see that he does not suffer injury on the premises by reason of the danger concerned. In British Railways Board v Herrington (1972) the board was held liable for injuries to a six year old child who had been playing on the railway line. The House of Lords held that the occupier of the railway premises owed a duty of common humanity to the child. Until this case no duty of care was owed to trespassers. The Occupiers Liability Act 1984 was then extended after this to include a duty of care to trespassers). My advice to David and Montgomery Construction Ltd is that as one of them is the owner and the other is the builder they both are jointly occupiers of the premises and have control over the premises. Christine was a child trespasser who entered the building through an unglazed window. The site should have proper Heras fencing around it with all the correct signage for health and safety. The building itself should be fairly secure to stop trespass and for security. The window that Christine entered through should really have been boarded up. Referring back to the British Railways Board v Herrington case they could well be held liable for no duty of care to Christine. But it must be stated that the signage that is sufficient for adults is not good enough to apply to children. That is if a sign that states no trespassing for example is it considered inadequate for a child to understand and follow. Edgar Edgar was a lawful visitor to the site in question and under the OLA 1957 the occupier owes a common duty of care to him. Again both the contractor Montgomery and David may be considered to be the occupiers of the building. All visitors to sites are given an induction and told of all the health and safety risks on site. I feel Edgar should have been aware of the hazards on site after this and should take the necessary precautions associated with a building site. (s.2(4) OLA 1957 states: (a) where damage is caused to a visitor by a danger of which he had been warned by the occupier, the warning is not to be treated without more as absolving the occupier from liability, unless in all the circumstances it was enough to enable the visitor to be reasonably safe; and (b) where damage is caused to a visitor by a danger due to the faulty execution of any work of construction, maintenance or repair by an independent contractor employed by the occupier, the occupier is not to be treated without more as answerable for the danger if in all the circumstances he had acted reasonably in entrusting the work to an independent contractor and had taken such steps (if any) as he reasonably ought in order to satisfy himself that the contractor was competent and that the work had been properly done. I feel that wet plaster on the floor is not a sign of an incompetent tradesman but more of the nature of the job with plastering. Edgar was aware of the risks on site and any injuries sustained to him could be due to contributory negligence from lack of care. But if Edgar was on site without a site induction David and Montgomery could be held liable for duty of care to Edgar. QUESTION 3 The rule of Rylands v Fletcher (1868) is a tort of strict liability and was laid down from the case which caused harm by escapes from land used for hazardous purposes. The defendants employed a contractor to construct a reservoir on their land. When doing this water broke through the filled-in shaft of an abandoned coal mine and flooded connecting passageways into the plaintiffs active mine nearby. The defendants were held personally liable irrespective of fault. Judge Colin Blackburn said: We think that the true rule of law is, that the person who for his own purposes brings on his lands and collects and keeps there anything likely to do mischief if it escapes, must keep it at his peril, and, if he does not do so, is prima facie answerable for all the damage which is the natural consequence of its escape. He can excuse himself by showing that the escape was owing to the Plaintiffs default; or perhaps, that the escape was the consequence of vis major, or the act of God; but a s nothing of this sort exits here, it is unnecessary to inquire what excuse would be sufficient. This rule opens up an opportunity for the courts to apply all liability upon the owner of the land who had not intended for the escape and or damage. It is a good example of a loophole that allows the independent contractor to get away with negligence and the owner of the land is held accountable for everything. Strict liability is imposed under the liability for fire and to a degree for animals. Defences can be: If the claimant has consented Default of the claimant Act of a stranger Act of God Statutory authority Rylands v Fletcher is very useful where the defendant has done everything that he could possibly do to stop something happening. Word count: 3282 Biography Brewer Consulting Extra hazardous liabilities [online] Available at: https://www.brewerconsulting.co.uk/cases/CJ9619NE.htm [accessed 9th May 2009] WordPress Duty of care in torts'[online] Available at: https://www.legal-history.com/?p=42 [accessed 9th May 2009] The K Zone Bolam v Friern Hospital [online] Available at: https://www.kevinboone.com/lawglos_BolamVFriernHospitalManagementCommittee1957.html [accessed 10th May 2009] Law teacher The tort of negligence [online] Available at: https://www.a-level-law.com/tort/Negligence/Flowchart.pdf [accessed 10th May 2009] Office of public sector information Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 (c.28) [online] Available at: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1945/cukpga_19450028_en_1 [accessed 14th May 2009] Swarb Nuisance 1930- 1959 [online] Available at: https://www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/Nuisn19301959.php [accessed 14th May 2009] Fenwick Elliott nuisance and the builder [online] Available at: https://www.fenwickelliott.co.uk/files/docs/articles/html/nuisance.htm [accessed 14th May 2009] Loughborough University IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS [online] Available at: https://www2.ing.puc.cl/~icccon/abstracts/PDF/Track5/T5-P22.pdf [accessed 16th May 2009] Swarb Torts 1960-1969 [online] Available at: https://www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/TrtOt19601969.php [accessed 16th May 2009] Law teacher AMF International Ltd v Magnet Bowling Ltd [online] Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/neg15.htm/file-91.php [accessed 16th May 2009] Card,R. Murdoch, J. Murdoch,S.,2003. Estate management law. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Askey,S. McLeod, I., 2006. Studying Law. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Paper 6041 (2002) General liability, CEM Paper 6042 (2002) Direct and indirect interference with land, CEM Paper 6043 (2002) Negligence, CEM Paper 6044 (2002) Defective premises, CEM Paper 6045 (2002) Breach of statutory duty, CEM Paper 6046 (2002) Strict liability, CEM Mullis,A. Oliphant,K. 2003. Torts 3rd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan

Saturday, May 16, 2020

Organic vs. Conventional Food - 1235 Words

Organic vs. Conventional Food In the United States consumers are inundated with every option imaginable for food. Among those options is the choice of organic or conventional food. Health experts will tout the virtues of organic food as being better for the consumer and preventing many diseases, however, there seems to be more to it than that. When speaking with friends, especially those living on a budget, the philosophy leans more towards the difference between fresh and processed food, and organic food is considered a luxury which few can afford. In an attempt to define the family health standards within the household, a transformation has taken place over the past four years. Where once a life filled with convenience food and college exams was reflected, now there is the attempt to ensure the most healthy food enters the home and this includes many organic options. Since the transformation has begun taking place, my family is healthier eating organic food than we were eating conventional food. Organic food k eeps the family healthy because my children happily eat it, it tastes good, has more vitamins, does not contain pesticides, hormones, or antibiotics, and is almost always fresh. Every parent I have spoken with complains that it is hard to get their children to eat fresh fruits and veggies. In fact, most are even thankful if their child will eat canned corn or peas. I cant help but smile at this idea given that children are humans with an instinct toward theShow MoreRelatedOrganic Vs Conventional Food Vs Organic Food Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesOrganic versus Conventional Food Are you concerned about the health of yourself and that of your family when walking through the grocery store? You should be. You might be surprised to learn about chemicals known to exist in the conventional foods we eat daily. Ever wonder why apples are so shiny? A coating of shellac is applied to apples to give them a shiny coating, prolonging their shelf life, and prevent bruising. You might reconsider the next time you reach for the shiniest red apple and rememberRead MoreOrganic vs. Conventional Foods Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesthe demand for food is higher than ever. This increase in food demand also calls for more efficient ways of growing and providing the food. Two methods that are very controversial are the organic and conventional method. While many people support the organic method because of its known benefits, others feel that it is an over inflated industry that cheats consumers out of their money. But recently many studies have disproved those critics. Thes e studies prove that Organic food is a better choiceRead MoreOrganic Foods And Farming Vs. Conventional Foods1902 Words   |  8 Pages Over the last few years, awareness of organic food has risen. Due to this, the demand for organic food is a factor which is influencing the farmers to switch to use this technique, and it is being sold in specialty stores and conventional supermarkets. Organic products contain numerous marketing claims that it is healthier, it offers more value, and the farming is more environmentally friendly than traditional foods, so, how does one determine if organic is the way to go? Some argue that thereRead MoreApa Syphilis650 Words   |  3 Pagesconsume conventional produce to choose organic food ------------------------------------------------- Food or Fungus: Conventional vs Organic 1. Introduction- Have you ever asked yourself, how healthy your food really is? We will provide information on the subject for you. With spending money on foods, which has a great impact on the body, to helping our environment; we will be discussing the pros and cons of organic vs conventional foods. 2. Body Part 1 Pros – Organic foods can beRead MoreEveryone Should Buy Organic Food.1228 Words   |  5 PagesPERSUASIVE SPPECH PREPARATION OUTLINE Title: | Everyone should buy organic food | General purpose: | To persuade | Specific purpose: | To persuade my audience to buy organic food | Central idea: | Organic food is the best food for consumers instead of conventional food | Organizational pattern: | Problem, problem, problem | I. INTRODUCTION | A. Open with impact/ Attention getter: | Let’s imagine. One day you are in a supermarket and you decided to buy vegetables. Well, they are allRead MoreOrganic Farming Produces Organic Food1220 Words   |  5 Pagescan Pronounce It The word Organic can be defined in multiple ways but what the word basically means that the product is derived from living matter. Organic farming produces organic food. The goal is to encourage soil and water conservation, reduce pollution, and constrain conventional methods to fertilize and control weeds. 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One is that organic food is much better than conventional food. The other is that conventional food is just as good as organic and more for your dollar. To some families organic food is more then they can afford because of the extra work that is required to grow it. People say that organic food is better because it has no chemicals or fertilizer in it but that is not true because theyRead MoreThe Effects Of Pesticides On Organic Farming1653 Words   |  7 Pagesfarmers noticed a decrease in soil quality and crop health due to the use of chemical fertilizers (â€Å"Pesticides in Organic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). This drop in soil quality left the farmers no other choice but to cease the use of chemical ferti lizers and begin implementing less harmful supplements in order to improve crop quality (â€Å"An Oral History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This less invasive method of farming, otherwise known as organic farming, takes into account â€Å"the medium and long-term effect of agricultural interventions† (â€Å"What Are the Environmental†¦Ã¢â‚¬ )Read MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Farming1035 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is better organic farming or conventional farming? This is a question that all farmers face. Each type of farming as its own benefits and disadvantages. Organic farming and conventional farming are different in many different ways. I know farmers from both sides. I know farmers who practice organic farming and I also know farmers who practice conventional farming as well as some farmers who use a combination of the two types of farming. But I have never really know all of the differences between

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay on Global Warming - 1148 Words

Global Warming The 19th as well as the 20th century have been the most prolific time periods in modern history as concerns science, technology and socio-economic development. Within these two centuries we witnessed the discovery of electricity, the invention of the engine which played a very important role in the maturity of the well-known industrial revolution. Through this revolution people began to live in a more decent and comfortable manner; new commodities were produced and entire new kinds of industry were developed. Although all these inventions, discoveries and scientific breakthroughs improved in an outstanding way our well-being, they also provided us with some troubles that scientists had never foreseen or even imagined.†¦show more content†¦Increased rainfall may cause more frequent flooding and as a consequence the sea level may rise. Scientists announce that an estimated 50 cm rise by the year 2100 could submerge more than 5,000 square miles of dry land and an additional 4,0 00 square miles of wetlands in the U.S. Another huge problem that can be caused by the global warming is an increase in mortality due to health issues. Changing patterns of precipitation and temperature may produce new breeding sites for pests and viruses, shifting the range of infectious diseases. In such way we may probably experience new epidemic strikes of diseases present 100 years ago. Obviously, climate has a big influence on plants and animals in the natural environment, on oceans, and on human activities, such as agriculture, water supplies, and heating and cooling. The effects of climate change depend upon how much change there is, how fast it occurs, and how easily the world can adapt to the new conditions. The effects of climate change on people would vary a lot from place-to-place. Economically developed societies, like those in North America, Europe and Japan, could use technology to reduce direct impacts. For example, they might develop new crop varieties, construct new water systems, and limit coastal development. Some northern countries, such as Canada and Russia, might even benefit from longer grow seasonsShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And The Warming1544 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming has become a well conversed topic among scientists and peoples in the world today. There are extremists who do everything possible to stop contributing to the warming, but the average person does little to alleviate the issue and in many cases refuses to acknowledge that there is a problem at all. Dating back to millions of years ago, even before humanity was born, the world has always experienced one form or another of warming; so the warming seen today is not as bizarre as many mayRead More Global Warming And The Warming1353 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming With it being the presidential election season the talk of global warming, also known as climate change has come up in conversation more. But should it be associated with whether you are republican or democrat? Global warming should not be rather you â€Å"believe† in because it is a stated fact. The definition by Oxford Dictionary declares that global warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect causedRead MoreThe Warming And Global Warming1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Warming World Around Us The world is warming and we cannot deny it, the longer we deny the larger the problem it will become. Global warming is affecting the world economy, the overall health of the population, and most importantly the environment that surrounds us. Ignoring this problem will not just make it suddenly disappear; the world has to make an effort to stop it while it can still be maintained. Accepting the fact that it is happening is just the first step, the next step is takingRead MoreGlobal Warming1677 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the eyes of most scientists, global warming is seen as a very serious and severe threat. The actions taken by humans, such as industry and consumption of fossil fuels plus the increase in population and agriculture have played a big part in global warming. If something is not done soon the results could be very bad. By the middle of the twenty first century, there is evidence that the Earth will be warmer than it has been at any time in human history, and quite possibly since theRead MoreGlobal Warming1410 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming was first mentioned by ‘Svante August Arrhenius in 1896’, but in ‘1753, Joseph Black discovered carbon dioxide’ and in ‘1827, Jean-Batiste Fourier suggested that atmospheric effect kept the earth warmer than it would otherwise be’, (Direct.gov. n.d. A history of climate change). Since this time, reports, and study have be done with graphs to show the impact of global warming and what could happen to our planet. In 1979, the first conference was held this was called ‘International climateRead MoreGlobal Warming1245 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming The major threat of today’s world is global warming. Due to various reasons global warming turns out to be a serious issue in the last few years. Today people believe in global warming while this concept was not so much believed and people interpreted in some other meanings what was happening in the past. Global warming is amplification in the temperature of earth because of industrial pollution, fossil fuels, and agricultural practices caused by human being, other and natural gasRead MoreGlobal Warming1316 Words   |  6 PagesControversy over Global Warming One of the largest argued topics in our world today is over global warming. People argue that is real, and others argue that it is fake. The effects of global warming create a growing danger for the ecosystem we live in by damaging glaciers and weather patterns. Humans contribute to global warming yet non-believers will think otherwise. Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our planet. According to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change) mostRead Moreglobal warming1539 Words   |  7 Pagesof global climate over long periods of time. Climate model projections made by the US Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) show that, recently, global temperature has increased. This increase in temperature is referred to as global warming. One of the main causes of global warming is greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that absorb solar radiation to keep the planet warm. These gases have increased, so more solar radiation is trapped ins ide raising global temperaturesRead MoreGlobal Warming1050 Words   |  5 PagesTake a position: Global warming is a real problem. 1000 word Essay. Using persuasive technique Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth’s surface. Since the late 1800’s, the global average temperature has increased about 0.7 to 1.4 degrees F (0.4 to 0.8degree C). Climate change is happening and its effects are real. However, the larger the change in climate, the more negative the consequences will become. Global warming will make life harder for mostRead MoreGlobal Warming1192 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming Essay Global warming is an important issue for humans to consider and science to figure out. Personally I don’t care very much about global warming and have never been active in green movements. The evidence presented in this class is very informative and useful when taking into account the numerous known and unknown causes and cures for global warming. However, my attitude towards global warming is unchanged. According to the Common Attitudes Toward Global Warming handout I think

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

George Washington Father of a Nation Essay Example For Students

George Washington Father of a Nation Essay George Washington: Father of a NationA desolate wind swept over the American encampment at Valley Forge.Freezing temperatures and blinding snow storms accompanied by heartbreaking defeats had taken their toll on these young freedom fighters.The cry for freedom could no longer be heard over hunger pains and the freezing wind.One lone figure could be seen walking through the camp trying to re-ignite that fire in his dwindling troops who were huddled together for warmth.We can only wonder what words of encouragement George Washington told his men to keep their hopes alive that long hard winter of 1778.Whatever they were, they held an army together and inspired a young nation to go on and defeat the greatest power in the world at that time.Is it any wonder why the United States capital, a State, and hundreds of small towns and counties across the country are named in honor of one of the greatest men in our nations history, George Washington. Born on February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland Coun ty, Virginia, George Washington began his life on the family estate along the Potomac River.When George was a young boy he loved going to the home of his half brother Lawrence, a house called Mount Vernon. Lawrence had named the house and its farm, Mount Vernon, after his commanding officer, Admiral Edward Vernon of the British Navy. After the death of his father when he was only 11, Washington moved to Mount Vernon where his brother acted like a second father. George was privileged to grow up in Virginias higher society and was able to attend school unlike many children of that day. His last two years in school were devoted to engineering, geometry, trigonometry, and surveying. At age sixteen, in 1748, he was appointed a public surveyor. According to one authority, he was engaged to survey these wild territories for a doubloon a day, camping out for months in the forest, in peril from Indians and squatters. Actually it seems that the backwoodsmen and the Indians all liked him very much. Incidentally, his surveying knowledge came in handy much later when he was President. When George was nineteen he was made a Major in charge of one of the military districts into which the colony of Virginia was divided from handling attacks on the frontier by French and Indians. This was the real beginning of the seven-year French and Indian War. Two years later he was sent on a mission to the French, to find out just what their intentions were and to warn them off. This meant six hundred miles alone through the wilderness. However, for a young fellow of his build, experience, and aptitudes this was all in the days work and probably very enjoyable. In 1754 he commanded a regiment against the French, who had established themselves at Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh): but he was driven back by superior forces to Fort Necessity, the American stronghold, which he held as long as humanly possible before surrendering. Washington then accompanied General Braddock and led two regiments of volunteers against Fort Duquesne. In this campaign he received four bullet holes in his c oat and had two horses shot under him. Perhaps he was being saved for another time. Even though Braddock was killed, Washington was able to lead the rest of the Virginia troops to defeat the French troops. For doing this, Washington was promoted to coronal and appointed commander and chief of the Virginia militia. Assured that the Virginia frontier was safe from French attack, Washington left the army in 1758 and returned to Mount Vernon to restore his estate which he inherited after his brothers death in 1752. .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf , .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf .postImageUrl , .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf , .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf:hover , .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf:visited , .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf:active { border:0!important; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf:active , .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u922b91c5512a203e21d8c3525fec4fdf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A good man is hard to find EssayOn January 6, 1759 Washington was married to Martha Dandridge Custis, widow of Daniel Parke Custis.She had two children from the marriage to Parke, John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis, both of whom Washington legally adopted in 1761. He settled down with his new family to begin what he though would be a peaceful life of farming. However, this was not to be, because a developing country would have many other plans in store for George Washington. In 1774 Washington was one of the seven delegates selected from Virginia to the First Continental Congress. Washington along with 54 other delegates wrote a Declaration of Rights and Grievances which they sent to King George III of England in hopes to prevent a war. However, when the situation only got worse, a second Continental Congress was called in 1775.In St. Johns Church in Richmond delegates argued for and against the possibility of going to war with England. Washington knew that to gain independence a war would have to be fought. However, he also knew that the British would be a very hard adversary to defeat and therefore was very hesitant to go to war.Patric Henry did not agree as we can remember from his famous speech.I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death! Convincing many delegates soonthe outcome was inevitable.To vote was to go ahead and make plans for war, including the development of a Continental Army. On June 15, Washington was unanimously elected to be Commander and Chief of the colonial forces. Graciously he accepted and at age 43 Washington once again took on the role of service in fighting for a country which hadnt even been developed yet.The job however wasnt easy.The Continental Army consisted of untrained farmers, had no uniforms, and insufficient weapons.The only thing Washington had on his side was the common dream everyone shared for freedom. Washington took command of the troops and surrounded British-occupied Boston on July 3 retaking the city. The next few months he devoted to training the undisciplined 14,000-man army and trying to secure urgently needed powder and other supplies.Washington then moved his army to New York. Defeated there by the British he retreated to establish a defensive line north of New York City. In November he retreated again crossing the Hudson into New Jersey and then a month later crossed the Delaware to Pennsylvania. Washington was depressed by the Britishs easy victory for the occupancy of New York and northern New Jersey. However he knew he must be strong and move on. Crossing the icy Delaware on the night of Christmas, 1776 he captured Trento n New Jersey in a surprise attack the following morning. Then shortly after the turn of the year, he defeated British troops in a marvelous victory at Princeton.Washington was able to hold off the British and keep up moral over the next year until the French came to Americas aid.With help from French troops, Washington was able to take the offensive and eventually trapped Cornwallis at Yorktown. The British surrendered, and America was truly a free country. After the war many wanted to make Washington a king. He quickly shot down this idea for he knew that things would remain the same and the war would have been only a waist. Washington returned to Mount Vernon where he once again looked forward to a peaceful life. This, once again was not to be for in May 1787, Washington headed the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. As the hero of the Revolutionary war he was unanimously elected presiding officer. His presence lent prestige to the proceedings, an d although he made few direct contributions, he generally supported the advocates of a strong central government.After the new Constitution was submitted to the states for ratification and became legally operative, he was once again unanimously elected for the first Presidency of the United States in 1789. .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 , .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 .postImageUrl , .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 , .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43:hover , .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43:visited , .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43:active { border:0!important; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43:active , .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43 .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3b27a6574bf4a9f6d898155764830d43:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Swimming Alone EssayTaking office (Apr. 30, 1789) in New York City, Washington acted carefully and deliberately. Aware of the need to build an executive structure that could accommodate future presidents he set out to do so. With his excellent surveying skills, he himself helped find the perfect place for the nations future capital, which was later ironically named after him, Washington, D.C. Washington was reelected president in 1792.He dwelt with several problems consisting from internal between his cabinet members Jefferson and Hamilton to external dealing with France and the French Revolution.By March 1797, when Washington left office, the countrys financial system was well established, the Indian threat east of the Mississippi had been largely eliminated, and Jays Treaty and Pinckneys Treaty (1795) with Spain had enlarged U.S. territory and removed serious diplomatic difficulties. Despite of all his success in office Washington was relieved when he was able to go home to his precious Mt. Vernon. Here he spent the rest of his days in the place he loved the most and saw the least. In mid-December, Washington contracted what was probably quinsy or acute laryngitis. He declined rapidly and died at his estate on Dec. 14, 1799 leaving behind only his wife Martha who died a few years later.George Washington contributed so much to our country.Leaving what he loved behind he gave up home and family to serve the country that needed him so much. Ironically although George Washington was the father of our country, he had no children of his own. Some might say he died alone with no one to carry on his family name and legacy.Not likely, because he gave so muc h, and took so little. Washington will be remembered throughout history as one of the most prominent leaders of our nations history. Bibliography: